This is a primitive farming method and farmers still practice it in some parts of the country. While this type of subsistence farming is typically done on small areas of land, it also uses indigenous tools like a hoe, Dao, digging sticks, etc. Usually, a family or the local community of Indian farmers are engaged in this farming method who use the output for their own consumption. This is the most natural method, where the growth of crops but dependent on the rain, heat, fertility of the soil and other environmental conditions.The key to this farming technique is the ‘slash and burn’ method. In this practice, once the crops are grown and harvested, the farmers burn the land. They then move to a clear patch of land for a new batch of cultivation. As a result, the land gains back its fertility, naturally. Because no fertilizers are used for cultivation, the primitive subsistence method yields good quality crops and also retains the properties of the soil.Bogaa Natural Farming (BNF) is a method of chemical-free agriculture drawing from traditional Indian practices.Without the need to spend money on these inputs or take loans to buy them the cost of production could be reduced and farming made into a “zero budget” exercise, breaking the debt cycle for many small farmers. Instead of commercially produced chemical inputs, the BNF promotes the application of jeevamrutha – a mixture of fresh desi cow dung and aged desi cow urine, jaggery, pulse flour, water and soil on farmland. This is a fermented microbial culture that adds nutrients to the soil, and acts as a catalytic agent to promote the activity of micro organisms and earthworms in the soil. About 200 litres of jeevamrutha should be sprayed twice a month per acre of land. after three years, the system is supposed to become self-sustaining. Only one cow is needed for 30 acres of land, according to with the caveat that it must be a local Indian breed not an imported Jersey or Holstein.A similar mixture, called bijamrita, is used to treat seeds, while concoctions using neem leaves and pulp, tobacco and green chillies are prepared for insect and pest management.The BNF method also promotes soil aeration, minimal watering, intercropping, bunds and topsoil mulching and discourages intensive irrigation and deep ploughing.